Neonatal Service

A: Jaundice in newborns is mainly due to the immaturity of the liver, which cannot yet break down bilirubin efficiently. Most cases are “physiological jaundice”, typically appearing between the 2nd and 5th day after birth and gradually resolving. If jaundice appears within the first 24 hours, persists beyond 2–3 weeks, or is accompanied by symptoms such as lethargy or poor feeding, medical attention should be sought immediately.

Parents may carry out a simple preliminary check: gently press the baby’s nose, forehead, chest, buttocks, or knees. If the skin appears yellow when the pressure is released, this may indicate jaundice. This method is for reference only; any concerns should be assessed by healthcare professionals.

A: Around half of infants experience regurgitation within the first three months, mainly because of a small stomach capacity and an immature lower oesophageal sphincter. This is a common physiological phenomenon and usually improves naturally as the digestive system matures, typically between six and twelve months.

Parents are advised to keep the baby’s head slightly elevated during feeds, avoid lying the baby flat, and hold the baby upright for 20–30 minutes afterwards while gently burping them. Smaller, more frequent feeds may also help. When sleeping, the cot head can be slightly raised to reduce reflux. If vomiting is forceful, contains blood or green/yellow fluid, is associated with poor weight gain, persistent crying, refusal to feed, or lethargy, medical assessment is required.

A: Infant skin is delicate, and common causes of rashes include heat rash, eczema, nappy rash, cradle cap, and milia. Most are harmless and do not indicate serious illness.

Parents should keep the skin clean and dry, avoid excessive washing or harsh products, and use mild, fragrance‑free skincare. Nappy rash can be improved by frequent nappy changes and protective ointments; cradle cap can be gently cleaned during hair washing; milia usually resolve on their own. If rashes are accompanied by fever, pus, rapid spread, or worsening symptoms, medical evaluation is necessary.

A: Common marks such as Mongolian spots, strawberry haemangiomas, or café‑au‑lait spots usually fade or disappear over time and often require no treatment. If spots are numerous or affect vital functions such as vision or breathing, medical assessment is recommended.

A: Crying is a baby’s way of expressing hunger, discomfort, or the need for comfort. The peak period for crying is between two weeks and three months of age. If crying is unusually high‑pitched, accompanied by fever, or refusal to feed, medical attention should be sought.

A: Breastfed babies usually pass yellow, loose stools, while formula‑fed babies tend to have thicker, yellow‑brown stools. Stools that are white, grey, or blood‑stained are abnormal and should be assessed by a doctor without delay.

A: Many newborns exhibit “periodic breathing”, characterised by rapid breaths followed by brief pauses (less than 10 seconds). This is generally normal. However, if the baby shows signs of breathing difficulty, bluish lips, or persistent grunting, urgent medical care is required.